Why Head Injuries Can Cause Depression & 10 Ways To Recover From A TBI
Have you ever bumped your head and had your "bell rung"? Have you ever gotten whiplash from a car accident? Or have you ever taken a tumble and blacked out temporarily? If you're like most people who experience these incidents, you probably shook it off and went on with your life. In some cases, however, these seemingly minor head injuries can lead to long-term problems, including depression.
The problem is, most people don't make the connection between depressive symptoms and an incident that occurred months, years, or even decades earlier. If you don't heal the underlying brain injury, you may not get the relief you want from standard depression treatments.
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Here's an introduction to the link between concussions and depression, as well as 10 tips to help you recover from a brain injury and start feeling like yourself again.
The link between concussions and depression
Our brain-imaging work at Amen Clinics shows us that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major cause of psychiatric issues, such as depression, but most people are unaware of this.
In fact, brain SPECT scans on our patients show that approximately 40 percent of them have experienced a prior head injury. We usually have to ask them multiple times before they remember a significant event.
I had one patient who repeatedly said he had never experienced a head injury. After being asked for the fifth time, he had one of those light-bulb moments. All of a sudden, he remembered falling out of a second-story window when he was 5 years old.
Other patients have forgotten flying through the windshield after a car accident, tumbling out of the bed of a truck, or blacking out after falling off the top bunk bed. Still, others remember a past injury but think it was too inconsequential to mention.
The majority of patients have no idea that their depression, anxiety, or lack of focus may be partly due to an incident in their past. Unfortunately, very few mental health professionals recognize this link, either, because most psychiatrists never look at the brain.
How can brain injuries cause depression?
Some of the physical effects on the brain from a mild TBI or concussion include inflammation, reduced blood flow, damage to nerve cell connections, broken blood vessels, bleeding, and bruising.
In addition, minor head injuries can often damage the pituitary gland1, which is involved in hormone regulation. This can lead to major hormonal imbalances that can cause depressive symptoms or other mental health problems.
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How common is depression after a TBI?
Major depressive disorder is the most common psychiatric disorder following a traumatic brain injury, according to a systematic review2 in the Journal of Neurotrauma. The risk for developing clinical depression after a TBI increases as time passes.
Within the first year after an injury, 33 to 42 percent of individuals will become depressed. Within the first seven years post-concussion, that number jumps to 61 percent. This spike in depression isn't restricted to people who sustain a severe or moderate TBI. In fact, the risk for the mood disorder is also found in those who mild TBIs.
People with a history of a mild head injury are over three times as likely to have depression compared with individuals who have not experienced head trauma
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People with a history of a mild head injury are over three times as likely to have depression compared with individuals who have not experienced head trauma, based on findings in a 2020 meta-analysis3 in Frontiers in Neurology.
The increased risk for depression persists for decades after a head injury, and it doesn't matter how old you were when the injury happened.
This is concerning considering there are approximately 2 million ER visits each year for TBIs in the U.S. It's likely there are millions more that go undetected and undiagnosed. And these numbers are rising.
Among the general population, concussion diagnoses rose 43 percent from 2010 to 2015, according to medical claims data from Blue Cross Blue Shield. During that same time period, concussion diagnoses among those aged 10 to 19 jumped an alarming 71 percent.
Are you one of these statistics? If so and you're struggling with depression, it's critical to investigate if brain damage is contributing to your symptoms. The only way to know if a head injury is to blame is to look at the brain with functional brain imaging such as SPECT.
10 strategies for healing after TBI
Healing damage to the brain after an injury is critical for preventing or overcoming post-concussion depression. First and foremost, if you sustain a head injury, seek medical help immediately. To promote general healing and better brain health, follow these strategies:
- Protect your head. Don't engage in any activities that put you at risk for another head injury. A subsequent concussion can lead to second impact syndrome, a condition that increases the risk of long-term damage to the brain.
- Take nutritional supplements. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), curcumin, vitamin C, vitamin D, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) can support the brain.
- Take it easy. Skip intense workouts, sports, and heavy lifting, and spend more time relaxing.
- Get adequate rest. Aim for 7-8 hours of quality sleep.
- Limit screen time. Screens emit light that can cause eye strain, which can heighten post-concussion symptoms.
- Temporarily eliminate alcohol. Avoid any substances that can be toxic to the brain.
- Drink more water. Staying adequately hydrated is essential following a TBI.
- Focus on healthy fats. About 60 percent of the solid weight of the brain is fat, so be sure to fuel your brain with good-for-you fats, like omega-3 fatty acids. You can get these through foods like salmon, mackerel, walnuts, or via nutritional supplements.
- Say no to sugar. High-sugar diets lead to inflammation in the brain. To help calm inflammation after an injury, avoid sugar and refined carbohydrates.
- Don’t rush the recovery process. Healing takes time. Going back to everyday activities too soon can delay your overall recovery.
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In addition to everyday lifestyle changes, certain therapeutic treatments can be beneficial after a concussion or mild TBI. Here are two science-backed types of therapy I often recommend to my patients.
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT): This non-invasive treatment, which involves breathing pure oxygen, accelerates healing after injuries. Findings in the Journal of Neurotrauma show that in people with mild to moderate TBI, increases in cerebral blood flow can be attained after just one HBOT session.
- Neurofeedback: This treatment is a form of biofeedback that helps you optimize your brain. One study4 on neurofeedback for the treatment of post-concussion syndrome found that it reduced symptoms related to mood, among others.
The takeaway
Healing your brain with lifestyle modifications and therapeutic options can be very beneficial in overcoming depression related to a head injury. If you're struggling with depression that isn't responding to standard treatment, it may be time to investigate if a hidden head injury might be contributing to your symptoms.
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Daniel Amen, MD, is a clinical neuroscientist psychiatrist, physician, professor and 10-time New York Times bestselling author. He is a double board-certified child and adult psychiatrist and founder of Amen Clinics, Inc., which has eight clinics across the country with one of the highest published success rates for treating complex psychiatric issues with the world’s largest database of functional brain scans relating to behavior, with more than 160,000 scans on patients from 121 countries. Amen is the lead researcher for the largest brain imaging and rehabilitation study for professional football players that demonstrates high levels of brain damage in players with solutions for significant recovery as a result of his extensive work. His research on post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury was recognized by Discover magazine’s Year in Science issue as one of the “100 Top Stories of 2015.” Amen has authored and co-authored more than 70 professional articles, seven scientific book chapters and 40-plus books, including the No. 1 New York Times bestsellers, “The Daniel Plan” and “Change Your Brain, Change Your Life.” His most recent book, “Change Your Brain, Change Your Grades,” includes editorial contributions from his teenage daughter, Chloe Amen, and niece, Alizé Castellanos.